Ehud Altman, Kenneth R. Brown, et al.
PRX Quantum
The S/390® Parallel Enterprise Server Generation 4 processor is an implementation of the IBM ESA/390TM architecture on a single custom CMOS chip. It was designed on a blank slate after consideration of remapping either a prior CMOS design or a prior bipolar design. It uses a straightforward pipeline both to achieve a fast cycle time and to speed the design cycle. The complex instructions are implemented using highly privileged subroutines called millicode. To achieve high data integrity while maintaining a high clock frequency, the chip contains duplicate I- and E-units which perform the same operations each cycle and have their results compared.
Ehud Altman, Kenneth R. Brown, et al.
PRX Quantum
Eric Price, David P. Woodruff
FOCS 2011
B. Wagle
EJOR
S.M. Sadjadi, S. Chen, et al.
TAPIA 2009