Michael A. Guillorn, Josephine Chang, et al.
VLSI Technology 2011
Lattice spacing measurements of the (211)/(202), (020)/(013), and (111)/(102) reflections were used to calculate the residual stresses in a Ni monosilicide film after cooling from its formation temperature. The ability to measure stresses in crystalline materials using x-ray diffraction requires the use of appropriate x-ray elastic constants, which link the measured strain to the stress tensor of the grains that satisfy the diffraction condition. X-ray elastic constants were calculated in the Neerfeld-Hill (NH) limit for a polycrystalline aggregate composed of orthorhombic crystals. The anisotropy in grains that possess orthorhombic elasticity introduces significant variation in the stresses determined among the three sets of reflections. However, the in-plane stress calculated due to thermal expansion mismatch between NiSi and the underlying Si substrate shows a close correspondence to the average of x-ray measurements. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.
Michael A. Guillorn, Josephine Chang, et al.
VLSI Technology 2011
Conal E. Murray, I.C. Noyan
Philosophical Magazine A: Physics of Condensed Matter, Structure, Defects and Mechanical Properties
Cyril Cabral, Christian Lavoie, et al.
JVSTA
Tuan T. Tran, Christian Lavoie, et al.
Applied Surface Science