J.K. Gimzewski, T.A. Jung, et al.
Surface Science
A very simple derivation is given of the ionization probability P − for negative ions sputtered off a metal surface. The result P −≈e−(ϕ−A)/cv⊥ shows the experimentally observed dependences on work function ϕ, atomic affinity A, and outwards velocity v ⊥. Estimates of c show good agreement with experiment, too. The physical picture behind the process is discussed. © 1983 IOP Publishing Ltd.
J.K. Gimzewski, T.A. Jung, et al.
Surface Science
Kenneth R. Carter, Robert D. Miller, et al.
Macromolecules
M. Hargrove, S.W. Crowder, et al.
IEDM 1998
T.N. Morgan
Semiconductor Science and Technology