J. Hoffnagle, R.G. Brewer
Applied Physics B Laser and Optics
Phase transitions of trapped particles and ions, observed initially in 1959 by collisional cooling and recently by laser cooling, are explained as order-chaos transitions. Here, two trapped Ba+ ions are examined experimentally and by computer solution of the equations of motion. The ordered state, quasiperiodic with two frequencies, becomes chaotic when a bifurcation introduces a third frequency at a critical value of a control parameter. This route evolves from the nonlinear Coulomb coupling of the ion pair's axial and radial motions, displaying frequency locking and hysteresis, which is observed. © 1988 The American Physical Society.
J. Hoffnagle, R.G. Brewer
Applied Physics B Laser and Optics
Jonathan Ashley, M.-P. Bernal, et al.
CLEO 1996
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Pure and Applied Optics (Print edition) (United Kingdom)
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